Cultural Diversity In The Workplace Essays - Social Inequality

Social Diversity In The Workplace Juan Concepcion Overseeing Diversity in the Workplace Social assorted variety in the work environment is turning out to be increasingly common. Companies in all enterprises are empowering minorities, ladies, old laborers, individuals with handicaps just as remote specialists to join white guys in the work environment. The accompanying examination will concentrate on these gatherings and how organizations are urging them to join an ever-growing working environment. Regardless of whether governmental policy regarding minorities in society is disassembled, assorted variety of the workforce is obviously digging in for the long haul. Entrepreneurs and chiefs, specialists state, will at present need to keep up or increase determination to enroll and propel ethnic minorities in the year 2000 and past. That is basically on the grounds that having an assorted work power and overseeing it viably will just be acceptable business for different organizations. One business pioneer who is at the cutting edge of executing decent variety is the Xerox Corporation. Xerox executed their procedure for enhancement through a forceful, hard driving governmental policy regarding minorities in society plan. (Overseeing Diversity: Lessons from Private Sector, AOL Electric Library). The organization has been fruitful in getting a handle on Diversity by ingraining it in its hierarchical culture and making it the board need. Xerox Corporation has taken on the basic obligation to execute plans that guarantee a genuine portrayal of the network wherein they are based and maintaining a genuine image of the internationally based clients they serve. Their system is one that defines objectives to select and hold minorities for recently limited positions and consider the board responsible for arriving at those objectives. It is a methodology which has functioned admirably for the association. Since they are genuinely dedicated to taking advantage of the extended imagination minorities bring, Xerox has moved from the required focal point of Affirmative activity projects to the deliberate execution of a business objective. As per John Fernandez, writer of the book Managing a Diverse Work Force, white guys would make up just fifteen percent of the net increases to the work power somewhere in the range of 1985 and 2000. White guys were at that point in the minority, speaking to just forty-five percent of Americas 115 million laborers in 1985. Different statistical data points likewise bolster the previously mentioned pattern. This is brought up by The Career Exposure Network, a head on-line vocation focus and occupation arrangement administration. As per the Network: Through the 1990s, non-white individuals, ladies and outsiders will represent 85% of the net development of the countries work power. By 2000, ladies will be 47% of the work power Throughout the following 20 years the U.S. populace will develop by 42 million. Hispanics will represent 47% of the development, Blacks22%, Asians18% and Whites13%. Miami is 2/3 Hispanics. San Francisco is 1/3 Asian American. A later study proposes that littler organizations have been more effective than bigger ones in advancing ethnic minorities into upper administration. The examination shows that in organizations with less than 500 representatives, 20% of the ranking directors are minorities, as contrasted and around 13 percent for organizations with at least 500 workers (Thiederman, 162). The explanation most likely lies in the way that the most noteworthy net increment of independent ventures since the mid 1990s have been minority claimed. The quantity of Hispanic-possessed business has become 76% since the mid 90s continued by Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaskan Natives which developed 61% (Nickels, McHugh, McHugh, 4). Normally, minority-possessed organizations are more select to advance their own into administrative positions. Either in light of the fact that the business is family possessed or they have a constrained work pool of candidates. Overseeing assorted variety goes a long ways past gathering the legitimate prerequisites of equivalent business opportunity and governmental policy regarding minorities in society. While Affirmative activity depends on required consistence guidelines intended to bring the degree of portrayal for minority bunches into equality, decent variety activities inside associations are deliberate in nature. It makes Affirmative move above and beyond. Associations that join assorted variety activities as a piece of their authoritative targets will be the most set they up will be to address the difficulties of the following millenium. While Affirmative Action centers around including those based on race, sexual orientation, or potentially ethnicity, Diversity activities, when very much executed, centers around all components of decent variety. The board must grasp the consideration of workers not just as to evident contrasts of race, sex, and age yet in addition regardless of such

Youth Outpatient Hiv Depression Care Health And Social Care Essay

Around the world, HIV/AIDS and misery are the prima reasons for sickness load for juvenile individuals matured 10-24 mature ages. ( 1 ) Young individuals matured 15-24 history for half of all new HIV contaminations around the world. Each twenty-four hours, 6,000 youthful individuals matured 15-24 mature ages become septic with HIV, which is a frightening propensity, since this is the biggest youngster coevals ever. ( 2 ) In sub-Saharan Africa, the greater part of every single new disease are among juvenile individuals, with misss being exceptionally influenced and speak to a higher extent of announced HIV contaminations and revealed AIDS occurrences among youth ages 13 to 19 than among some other age gathering. ( 3,4 ) Cases of HIV contamination analyzed among youth 13 to 24 could be explanatory of generally speaking inclinations in HIV rate since this age bunch has all the more late started awful practices. ( 5 ) Ordinary going to at clinical focuses is required for HIV contamination to oversee infection designed development, to get down thus regulate the reaction to antiretroviral treatment, and to give of import data to the patient on limiting the risk of transmittal. Regardless of this interest for standard observing, misfortune to catch up in HIV companion ( surveies ) can be a typical occurring and is inconsistently revealed. ( 6 ) This present overview purposes to discover a ) the rate of misfortune to catch up among HIV tainted youth getting to consideration at an adolescent engaged and a family-focused center in Kisumu, Kenya ; B ) pattern socio-segment and clinical highlights related with misfortune to development Legitimization: Nyanza Province in Kenya has the most elevated heap of HIV disease in Kenya, with the HIV pervasiveness remaining at 14.9 % , which is more than double the national standard of 7.1 % . The national HIV predominance among youngster matured 15-24 mature ages is 3.8 % ( 5.6 % in females and 11.4 % in guys ) while that among 15-19 twelvemonth olds is 2.3 % ( 3.5 % in females and 1.0 % in guys. ) ( 7 ) In Kisumu City, the pervasiveness among females matured 15-19 twelvemonth olds is 23 % , while in male childs of a similar age class it is 3.5 % . ( 8 ) Merely a little extent of these youthful people were getting to consideration and bolster administrations and keeping to mind was low, with just 5.3 % of patients enlisted at the HIV consideration facilities inside Kisumu City were matured 13-21 mature ages. It has been shown that up to 60 % of juvenile individuals populating with HIV may non be in regular HIV consideration. Youth-focused HIV plans report that one of the most yearning aspects of working with HIV-constructive youngster is indicting them abdominal muscle initio and holding them in consideration once they are enlisted. In spite of the best endeavors of effort staff, lost-to-catch up rates remain unwantedly high. ( 5 ) A significant automatic test for youth-explicit HIV administrations is keeping up HIV-constructive youngster associated with care and back up frameworks that can run into their requests for enthusiastic help, direction, and bar guidance while managing requests for clinical consideration, sustenance mediations, and ARV intercession. ( 9 ) Adolescents with peri-natally-obtained HIV have alone highlights that may astound their section into grown-up situated consideration scenes. ( 10 ) In one of a progression of surveies on HIV and youngster in Brazil, most speci alists go toing propelled HIV arrangement concurred that the Ministry of Health should set up focused administrations for HIV-tainted youngster. All things considered, partner HIV-tainted fledglings to HIV consideration has demonstrated hard. ( 11 ) The since quite a while ago run nature of HIV intercession calls for specific emphasize on keeping in consideration of septic youngster. ( 4 ) Transitioning the clinical consideration of children with peri-natally-gained HIV from pediatric regard for inner clinical claim to fame designs has gotten continuously of import as more up to date treatments draw out endurance.MethodsStudy DesignThis review examination utilized informations routinely gathered from HIV contaminated patients took a crack at consideration at Lumumba Health Center and at Tuungane Youth Center, both in Kisumu district. Patients matured between 15-21 mature ages enlisted into consideration between July 2007 and October 2010 were qualified for incorporation in the inves tigation. The review was endorsed by the institutional reappraisal sheets of the Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Centers for Disease Control-KenyaProgram descriptionFamily AIDS Care and Education Services ( FACES ) , is a family-focused HIV bar, consideration and intercession plan supported by the United States President ‘s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) through a co-employable comprehension with the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) . FACES-Nyanza offers these types of assistance in excess of 60 government-count health establishments across 6 domains in Nyanza province of Kenya. Tuungane Youth Center is an adolescent explicit arrangement run by Impact Research Development Organization and is subsidized by PEPFAR to gracefully VCT, ABY and STI appearing and intercession to youth matured between 13-21 mature ages. It is based inside Kisumu region, Nyanza, Kenya. In Nov 2005, these two plans teamed up with the motivations behind bettering HIV administrations to the youngster getting to consideration at the two destinations. Care at the two destinations is normalized, with the equivalent clinical visit/brush signifiers and consideration is offered, for nothing out of pocket, blending to normalized national rules. There is other than a clinical staff trade plan between the two destinations. To day of the month, FACES-Lumumba has selected xx.xxx patients ( x % youth matured between 13-21years ) while Tuungane has enlisted xxxx HIV tainted patients since the coaction began.Missed assignments and defaulter tracingFaces, through its Clinic and Community and Health Assistants ( CCHA ) segment, runs a functioning defaulter following project to better patient keeping. Upon enrollment, every patient ‘s reference and contact data is recorded. A patient losing his/her task is recognized from the everyday going to library and looked for 3 yearss after a lost task. This equivalent defaulter following component is in topographic point at Tuungane.Data aggregationSocio-segment, clinical and pharmacological informations gathered at every patient ‘s visit on a normalized clinical visit signifier is physically gone into an electronic clinical records framework that was propelled at the two locales in July 2007. Countenances deals with the database.VariablesThe essential outc ome is misfortune to catch up ( LTFU ) , characterized as a patient losing their last task by and gt ; 4 months. Socio-segment and clinical highlights considered as autonomous forecasters of LTFU and broke down as paired/record factors were standard: age, above or underneath the populace overview mean ; sex, male or female ; conjugal/common position, wedded/collaborated or non and facility type ; youth-explicit versus family-arranged. Most elevated instructive degree achieved was arranged into 4: â€Å" none † , â€Å" some essential † , â€Å" some auxiliary † and â€Å" some school/college † . CD4 was arranged into 4 classs of: â€Å" and lt ; 50cells/mm3 † , â€Å" 50-100cells/mm3 † , 100-200cells/mm3 † and â€Å" and gt ; 200cells/mm3 † WHO clinical introducing had stages I-IV. Craftsmanship position at LTFU was dissected as a parallel variable, ever begun versus ne'er began on ART. Standard was characterized as up to 60 yearss upon enrollment. Patients moved out of either center, or resolved to hold passed on or pulled back from consideration were non considered as LTFU.Datas analysisChi-square ( I†¡2 ) preliminary was utilized to investigate the straight out factors and strategic captured improvement was utilized to put factors related with misfortune to development. Unadjusted and balanced chances proportions ( ORs ) and the 95 % confirmation interims were determined in the hypothetical records. Kaplan-Meier technique was utilized to check the frequency of LTFU, introduced as occasions per 100 man mature ages, from day of the long stretch of enlistment. The occasion day of the long stretch of a LTFU was the day of the period of the last facility visit in the records. Patients resolved to hold been moved out, pulled back, or dead, informations was edited at their day of the long stretch of last task or day of the period of expire whenever known. Pieces of information on patients still in dynamic consideration at the terminal of the overview time frame was blue-penciled at the day of the long stretch of their last facility visit. Wilcoxon log-rank preliminary was utilized to look at endurance bends. All examinations were performed using STATA variant 11/SE bundle ( StataCorp LP, College Station, USA )Consequences:Patient features:Over the 3-year time frame, 927 patients ( 79 % female, normal age 20 mature ages ) were recognized to be qualified for consideration in the data investigation. 63 % were selected at the young explicit center and a mass ( 66 % ) of the individuals who had their instructive area demonstrated ( n=837 ) , had accomplished some signifier of elementary school guidance while only 1.7 % had non went with school by any means. 61.5 % were non hitched/joined forces and 5.9 % were accounted for to hold some signifier of work. Larger part of the patients were of acceptable clinical and immunological position ( 81 % were WHO stage I and A ; II and 80 % had CD4 cell tallies and gt ; 200/mm3 ) . Only 3 % were WHO stage IV and 5 % CD4 cell tallies and lt ; 50/mm3. 61 % of the patients had ne'er been begun on ART. ( Table 1 )Loss to follow up:57.2 % of the patients were reported as LTFU ( 79.4 % female, 66.8 % at the adolescent explicit center, p 0.006 ) . An immense heft of the patients were of acceptable immunological and clinical position ( 81 % WHO stage I and A ; II and 82 % CD4 cell tally and gt ; 200/mm3 ) and had ne'er been begun on ART ( 75 % , P and lt ; 0.0001 ) . 54 % were over the overview populace normal age of 22 mature ages. ( Table 1 ) There were a whole of 390 LTFU occasions more than 743 man mature ages of development. The frequency of LTFU was 53.4 per 100 individ

My Favorites Spots in Downtown Champaign

My Favorites Spots in Downtown Champaign As Im finishing up my undergrad career here at Illinois, I made it a point to visit as many restaurants as I could in Downtown Champaign. While campus is beautiful in itself, venturing out to downtown can allow you to discover hidden gems of the town. Watson’s For the best fried chicken you can get in Champaign! Seven Saints I’ve taken my parents here every time they’ve visited and also, it’s a great date spot for when you meet that special someone (speaking from experience, of course). Jupiter’s Tuesday nights are my favorite when all their delicious, gourmet pizzas are half off! Pour Bros If you want to unwind with some friends, hit up Pour Bros and try the variety of drinks they have to offer! Exploring the local spots in Champaign has been one of the best experiences of my life, and I hope you all can experience the same! Reply with your comments, suggestions, and thoughts on these restaurants, and others as well! community food Kripa Class of 2020 I'm majoring in Psychology, minoring in Spanish, and pursuing a pre-dental track. It seems like I’m all over the place, but that’s what I like about college! I get to choose to study what I’m interested in, and I’m happy to be doing just that at Illinois.

Conflict in Anne Tyler’s “Teenage Wasteland”

Conflict in Anne Tyler’s â€Å"Teenage Wasteland† Many of the characters in Anne Tyler’s story â€Å"Teenage Wasteland† face some kind of conflict at some point during the story. â€Å"This story shows how lack of communication between a troubled adolescent and his parents results in tragedy†(Croft 231). The story is about a boy named Donny who was having a hard time in school. In the beginning, of the story the principal called Daisy, Donny’s mother, because he wanted to have a conference â€Å"The boy’s problems do not seem serious. He is described as â€Å"noisy, lazy, always fooling around with his friends.†Ã¢â‚¬ (Harper 1). After this, Daisy made sure that Donny worked on his school assignments every night and this seemed to be working, but then the principal†¦show more content†¦When Daisy begins to help him with is school assignments it seems that it is helping him deal with his conflict of grades. When it seem s that is has worked through his conflicts Donny begins to develop new ones. He then begins to skip classes because of this his parents decide that it would good for him to visit a psychologist. â€Å"Donny said the psychologist was a jackass and the tests were really dumb; but he kept all three of his appointments, and when it was time for the follow-up conference with the psychologists and both parents, Donny combed his hair and seemed unusually sober and subdued†(Tyler 645). Donny did not enjoy going to his appointments with the psychologist but he kept all of them. Towards the end of the story the school preforms a locker search. During this search beer and cigarettes are found in his locker because of this Donny is expelled from his school. â€Å"Instead of going home, he runs to Cal’s. Donnie claims that it was a â€Å"frame up,† and Cal excuses the boy by saying the school violated his civil rights.†(May 1026). He tries to tell his parents that th e beer and cigarettes did not belong to him but they would not believe him. This causes extra conflict between him and his parents. He then is placed into a new school which he did not like. After a few days of attending Page 4 his new

Media s Influence On The Media - 892 Words

In today’s culture, it’s hard not to come across some form of media, whether that is an advertisement on a roadway, a commercial on the television, or even an ad on the portable games you play on your phone. The average 8-18-year-old experiences about 7.5 hours of some form of media a day. [1] Out of the 24 hours in a day over a quarter of it is spent looking at or listening to advertisements for products, the news, video games, television, movies, music, books, and the internet. A common way to make a product, character, etc. is to make them or something associated with it look appealing. For beauty products, this is done with models with unhealthy or unrealistic images. [2] When did this idea start? And why would a model or actor go out of their way to obtain an an image that could potentially kill them? How can we help those who’ve been affected by these false images? When one looks at the history of when this ideal thin body started to turn up in media was around the 1920s. [3] At first it was centered around the culture someone was raised in since different cultures have different values. Americans became more interested in sporting activities such as tennis, swimming, and golf for the richer Americans. This became more and more accepted once exercise classes were opened purely for the aim of changing women s bodies. [4] Around this era, Hollywood stars’ makeup became more widely available to the public and women started to use these products to hide theirShow MoreRelatedMedia s Influence On The Media1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdisplayed in the mass media is conditioned by wealth and power, so as a result of the concentration of power and the official censorship done by the government and corporate sources; the media follows the ideas of the elite. In order to deliver messages that support the elite’s beliefs, the media goes th rough five different filters that determine the information presented, this are ownership of media, funding, sourcing, flak, and fear. First, when referring to the ownership of media, it is importantRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Media Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesLusby English composition 12/1/2016 The Media s Influence    Can the media really persuade you into thinking a way about a person you have not even meet? The media can make influence you into thinking a certain way about some and also influence a choice that you could have to make about them that could change their life forever. To prove this I have researched into articles that could help me prove that the media can influence these things. First the media in the form of television can give you aRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media2111 Words   |  9 Pagestoday is communicated through media. Media is the most powerful and influential force in the country. The media are powerful agents of socialization and they set the standard that majority follow. The power giving to American media has allowed them to be very effective using propaganda as strategy, the media tend to say they serve to relieve social conflicts into minimum. We clearly see that the media promote social conflicts by separating class. The image that media has created in the mind of massesRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media1977 Words   |  8 Pagespushes their political view. News viewers tend to be oblivious when it comes to bias in the media because they would rather hear what they believe is right. There are many ways to find truth in journalism that everyone needs to be aware of for example, going to more than one source and conducting a SMELL tes t. Biased media has made a big impact on it’s viewers, creating a big division between the two sides. Media plays a big part on how people get everyday news, but ultimately, it is up to the viewerRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media1986 Words   |  8 PagesWe are a world that revolves around our media outlets. This is because we depend on them to give to us the information that we need to be able to live our daily lives. Whether it is the news on politics or just events that are happening around your area. The real question though is has news changed? And the follow up question to that would be; how do historians think news has changed? The news media has changed throughout history because of the rise of technology. It is now possible to reach peopleRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1928 Words   |  8 Pages V. New Media In the course of the most recent couple of decades, the media scene has changed drastically. The most essential change is from an old media model of television to another media model of narrowcasting. TV alludes to media speaking to the overall population and is exemplified by system TV, radio, and daily papers. Narrowcasting, made conceivable by television networks, Internet, and satellite radio, is focused to particular gatherings of people. The new media have various essentialRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1543 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media publicizes a substantial amount of messages about identity and acceptable ways to express gender, sexuality and ones lifestyle, but at the same time, the viewers have their own differing feelings about the issues. The media may suggest certain feelings and actions, but the audiences feelings can never overpower self-expression completely. The media portrays certain things because it is what is being accepted. Neither parties, these being the media and its audience, have full power overRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1703 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, mass media became widely recognized. In a period of mass availability, people today have entry to more media outlets than ever before. According to media scholar Jean Kilbourne,â€Å"the average American is exposed to over 3,000 advertisements a day and watches three years’ worth of television ads over the course of a lifetime† (back cover). It is all around us, from the shows we watch on television, the music we listen to on the radio, and to the books and magazines we read each day. Media is the numberRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesMass media has a very influential part in today’s society. Consisting of radio broadcasting, books, the Internet, and television they allow information and entertainment to travel at a fast pace as well to a vast audience. This vast majority of information can easily manipulate and or persuade people to have certain stereotypes on specific genders. TV commercials are one of the most influential structures in the media. Looking back 20 to 30 years, stereotypes were clearly welcomed on TV and inRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe way that diasporic audiences use media products to give them a connection to their country of origin has been a topic of research for many scholars. The in creasing ability to stream content online allows people to keep the same routine in watching content and to watch content which they can relate to and see themselves reflected in, often unlike the content on in their new home country. Online news allows people to keep up with current events and look out for events that may affect the ones they

The Turtle Jean Lafitte Adventures of a Pet Psychic Free Essays

string(37) " got sucked into Gordon’s act\." Gordon 1 Stephanie Gordon College Writing 112. 005 Guyant 10/11/11 Psychics reading the gullible Gordon 2 The world today is filled with psychics claiming they can perform tasks involving extrasensory projections. There are people who say they can speak with the dead, read minds, feel energies, and see into the future. We will write a custom essay sample on The Turtle Jean Lafitte: Adventures of a Pet Psychic or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is very easy, when vulnerable and gullible enough, to fall into what these psychics are saying. Most will say what you want to hear in order to gain credibility for themselves, or even to just earn a living. It is a complicated thing to argue, however, because this science cannot be proven true. It has undoubtedly been proven a hoax time and time again, but there are two sides to every story. Those who believe and buy into what these psychics are saying are the ones who keep this business alive. I think that people will believe what they want to believe, which is why psychics can continue putting on a show to make believers out of the gullible. There is a term used in Psychology to represent when it is actually the subjects who make a reading succeed. It is called the â€Å"fallacy of personal validation. This means that when someone is being read by a psychic, the way they interpret the reading to match their own character is what makes them believe in what the psychic is saying (Gordon 48). This is most often true with horoscopes. We usually only read the horoscope that matches up with our own birthday, but when reading ones that are for other months, they can be matched up to anyone. Horoscopes can be very general, such as, â€Å"Good things are coming your way†, or â€Å"You will meet someone with potential for a relationship next month†. These things could be interpreted in a different way for every person who reads them. Almost anyone could find a way to fit the readings into their own lives. Most of the time the horoscope â€Å"predicts† things that would have happened to a person anyways. Chances are whoever reads it will have something good happen to them or meet someone new any period of time after they have read it. It is the fallacy of personal validation that makes astronomical readings seem so accurate for each individual. Psychics themselves have a lot of confidence in what they do. Though there are some who know they are putting on an act, there are others who truly believe they have a gift. One psychic who Gordon 3 makes a living off of being a reader, DeAna, lives in the United Kingdom. She explains in an interview that ever since she was a young girl, her family and friends were baffled when DeAna knew information that she was never directly told. She constantly knew information that she not only should not, but could not have possibly known. Using her skill as a career measure did not come until much later in life. When asked â€Å"How have you become a psychic reader? † DeAna replies, â€Å"A lady I worked with was dreadfully distraught about a relative who had gone AWOL. One day she handed me a coffee and I found information about the person flooding in – as she touched me. I gave her the info and the person was located. She was shocked at first and then thrilled and told an awful lot of people! Before I knew it, after a 12 hour shift – 6 days a week, I would arrive home to find people waiting on my doorstep needing a reading. † (DeAna) She continues to explain how she helped people before and after her shift at her regular job, for no pay. One day a woman came along who was offended when DeAna would not accept payment. She scolded the psychic and said that she was offering a service and should expect payment for her skills. DeAna decided to make her readings a full time job, after the woman put things into perspective for her. She thought she should use her gift to help whenever she could, whenever she could. DeAna soon realized this was her calling, and chose to start charging all of her clients and turn her talent into a career. DeAna helps people who are looking for answers. Her clients who now pay her for reading sessions in person and over the phone, come to her because they need help with something in their lives. DeAna even helps corporate businesses in finding the correct applicant for a job. She states that she wrote out a paragraph for each applicant on their character traits and strengths as she saw it. Perhaps the person in charge of hiring had poor skills in his job area to begin with, which is why other people he had hired did not end up working out for their company. The fact of the matter is, every person DeAna has picked out for the company has worked extremely well in their position. One man, who admits to being a fake, is Henry Gordon. He calls himself a mentalist-magician, Gordon 4 because his tricks are what he calls slight of mind. His career has been based on debunking those who claim to have magical or psychic powers. In 1977 (Gordon 3), he put on a magic show in his hometown, but performed under the stage name Elchonen and wore a mask so his identity would stay hidden. After performing several amazing tricks, the audience was completely hooked and bought into his entire performance. When it came time for the second act, Gordon walked out on stage without his mask and was instantly recognized by his community. He told people they had been duped, and proceeded to explain why it is so easy for them to believe his tricks. People in the audience had every reason to be upset. They had put themselves in a vulnerable position and got sucked into Gordon’s act. You read "The Turtle Jean Lafitte: Adventures of a Pet Psychic" in category "Papers" This is also part of the reason people believe so strongly in psychics and their readings. Those who are curious are the ones who are easily pulled into the hoax. After an atmosphere is created with a crystal ball, one or two correct guesses, and just a hint of belief, a psychic can pull a client in and the rest is history. It is very easy for a mentalist magician like Gordon to pull simple tricks and attract a following. Some members of the audience in Gordon’s show were so upset they demanded their money back. Gordon told them they would receive a full refund for their ticket if they asked for it at the ticket office. He later found out most of the people who received their refund came back to find out the tricks of his trade. He calls himself a mentalist magician, because he uses slight of mind tricks, as opposed to sleight of hand. His tricks test a person’s mind, rather than how well they were paying attention. Gordon makes a living off of debunking psychics and anyone who claims they have extra sensory projection. He says that he could make a much better living off of being a magician, but there is something standing between him and a life full of riches. His conscience. Psychics make general assumptions that lead to specific answers, based on the responses of the person they are reading. (75) This is what makes the person believe they are taking part in something outside our natural world. It is what pulls them in and makes them a believer in this phenomenon. Some people tend to believe when they need an answer that they cannot seem to find on their Gordon 5 own. Local law enforcement has been known to use a psychic when they have hit a dead end during a case. This happens rarely. Often times the psychic is brought in by the family of the victim, and not law enforcement directly. Law enforcement will comply with the psychic if they feel they have no other options and need help taking a step in a new direction. The psychics, however, can be more of a problem than a help. Police may be looking for a step in the right direction, but what if the psychic sets them on a completely wrong path? Time is of the essence in the majority of these cases and a psychic may throw off the entire investigation. If a psychic chooses to help in a search, officials may decide to ignore their claims. One man, Mr. Earl Curley, is extremely confident in his psychic abilities. He brags to his followers about how his help led to an arrest in a murder investigation. Curley states that he gave a composite drawing of the alleged killer in the investigation of the Atlanta Child Murders. He then claims that because of his help, a criminal named Wayne Williams was apprehended four and a half days later. Since Curley seemed to be so confident in his help, Henry Gordon went to investigate how much he had really helped the investigators on the outcome of this case. When Gordon contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigations about Curley’s help with the case, he received a direct quote from the Press Information Office. â€Å"Mr. Earl Curley contacted our Atlanta office (voluntarily) in 1980 and 1981. He sent in some kind of write-up of what he thought the subject would look like, and he sent in some sort of a drawing. However, there was no impact on the case as a result of what he sent in. (Gordon 88) This goes to show that psychics can brag about using their abilities, but unless someone digs deeper in the matter, they will not know how much the psychic really helped. Psychics may have helped law enforcement with their two cents worth, but it does not mean that they led to any kind of conclusion in a case. Suppose the FBI had used Curley’s drawings. They might have arres ted a man who matched the picture, but who was not the criminal who committed the murders. Any set of circumstances resulting from Curley’s voluntary help could have sent the entire investigation in a completely wrong direction. Luckily the Bureau was smart enough to ignore this psychic and stick with their own set of techniques. Gordon 6 Having confidence in their work is part of what makes them so believable. If they believe in it themselves, others are sure to follow in the hype. Psychics use all sort of ways to show their skills. Whether it is using a reading to predict an outcome, predict the future, communicate with the afterlife, they all have their own set of ways to create believers. A popular method some psychics use when attempting to contact someone who has passed on, is the Ouija board. It is a board with numbers from zero to nine and all of the letters of the alphabet on it. A game piece in the shape of a triangle with a plastic center is used to spell out the answers to questions asked. When the piece goes over a letter or number, it is supposed to spell out a word of phrase that is from a spirit. This board was considered a game in the United States. It sold extremely well, mostly to people who had lost a loved one in World War I. The woes of someone dying, going missing, or simply being affected by the tragedies of war, drove some people to turn to magic. These were people who needed answers from their loved ones and had no way of getting them elsewhere. The man who created the Ouija board, Isaac Fuld, was a toymaker. He attempted to say the game was a scientific instrument, so that he would not have to pay a ten percent tax on toy sales. This was even argued all the way to the Supreme Court. There is no way to test that connecting with those in the afterlife is a scientific measure, so the board was ruled a toy. How surprising. To make a point as to how the toy could not possibly be magic, Henry Gordon, once again was there to help us out. He taught a class on the paranormal at McGill University. He brought in a woman who claimed to be a psychic and used the Ouija board as a tool to contact spirits from the afterlife. Since Gordon made his living off of proving psychics to be fakes, she was one of his star guest speakers. She wore a long green dress and a turban, which made her appear as someone who you would see behind a crystal ball in a dimly lit room. This was obviously a part of her performance. She demonstrated how the board worked, and allowed Gordon to ask a few questions to someone he knew who had passed. After receiving a few answers from the â€Å"spirits† (Who knows if they were right? ), Gordon tested the woman’s skills. To Gordon 7 prove the board, and the woman, who truly believed in her gift of communicating with spirits, were both fake, he placed a piece of brown paper wrapping over the board. The game piece moved around over the paper, so the numbers and letters were hidden. This way the woman could not see what characters her hands were moving over. He asked a few more questions, but the game piece only spelled out gibberish for answers. Gordon 110) If the spirits really were speaking to Gordon and the class through the Ouija board, would it matter if there was paper covering it? This throws the Ouija board in with the crystal balls, tarot cards, astrological charts, and any other tricks a psychic may use to convince the world of their talent. Another way the public is pulled into psychic hysteria is with animals. Some pet owners claim that their horse or dog o r pig have psychic powers. The most well-known psychic animal came around in the 1920s. (Milbourne 40) She was a benign mare named Lady who performed in a red barn near Richmond, Virginia. Mrs. Claudia Fonda, Lady’s owner claimed she could spell, add, subtract, multiply, divide, tell time, and answer questions. Reporters who visited Lady to see the Wonder Horse with their own eyes wrote that she could predict the future and read minds. Mrs. Fonda charged a fee of fifty cents for children and one dollar for adults for admission to see Lady and her talents. People would ask the horse a wide range of questions. Lady was asked anything from â€Å"When will I marry? † to â€Å"How should I invest my money? † (41) Lady even took part in helping find the body of a missing boy in Norfolk County, Massachusetts. She also knew a lot about baseball, and even had a more success in picking winners than most professional sportswriters. Everything in Lady’s career left everyone astonished, and in 1956 (43), Mrs. Fonda shortened Lady’s time with the public to afternoons only. A man named John Kobler was being sent to write an article on Lady for the Saturday Evening Post. He asked Christopher Melbourne if he was available to come along as a consultant, because he was one who was familiar with the techniques of deception. Since Melbourne had written articles on the horse before, he introduced himself to Mrs. Fonda as John Banks, so that she would not be upset by his Gordon 8 presence. Banks carried a camera, so that he would be accepted as a photographer associate to Kobler. When they arrived at Lady’s Barn, Mrs. Fonda assumed her position to the left of Lady. Lady communicated through a giant typewriter-like machine. When she pushed down a plank with her nose, a letter popped up. Mrs. Fonda instructed the men to ask Lady whatever they wanted. Banks asked the horse â€Å"What is my name? † Lady spelled out B-A-N-K-S on her typewriter, but his name was not really Banks. He also asked when his brother would return from Europe, and Lady answered â€Å"S-U-M-M-E-R†. Banks did not have a brother. After Kobler asked several questions of his own, Mrs. Fonda handed each of the men a long, skinny pad of paper, and a long pencil. She instructed them to write down a number, and Lady would read their minds and know the number. Kobler did as he was told, and Lady guessed everytime. Banks, however, would write the number one, but act as though he was writing the number 9. He would only push the pencil to paper as the spine of the 9 came down. He used this technique for almost every number, and Lady guessed wrong every time. It was obvious that a technique called pencil reading was being used. Mrs. Fonda had given the men skinny pads, so that the stroke of the pencils could easily be seen. This is the same reason for giving them longer pencils. Had a large pad of paper and short, stubby pencils been used, pencil reading could not have occurred. At the end of the visit, Melbourne had come to the conclusion that Lady had indeed been trained very well by Mrs. Fonda, but Lady was no psychic. Mrs. Fonda stood on Lady’s left side. Horses cannot see what is in front of them, only what is on the side. Therefore the only thing in Lady’s sight was Mrs. Fonda, and the stick she held in her hand. The stick is what Fonda used to direct Lady for which plank she should push. This means that Lady was simply doing as her master instructed, and that Fonda was really answering everyone’s questions. Although it has been proved that Lady was not a psychic animal, it leaves us with the question as to how Mrs. Fonda knew all of those answers? One way researchers attempted to discover just how many people believed in Psychical Phenomena, was with a survey called the Sheep-Goat scale. In the late 1970s (Haraldsson, Journal of Gordon 9 American Society for Psychical Research 2), a group of researchers set out to discover how belief in psychical phenomena may be related to attitudes, experiences, and activities in the domain of religion and politics. The survey asked questions about belief in the existence of telepathy, ability to know the future, spiritual experiences or dreams, and whether the person read books or articles on psychic phenomena. (2-3) Subjects were scored on their answers and only taken into account if they had answered every question. This scale was used in four different to obtain information on the public’s knowledge on psychical phenomena. The first study was done in Iceland on persons ranging from 30-70 years old, selected at random. About 80% of the original sample size returned the survey, which was enough to use the results as a representative of the Icelandic population in that age range. (3) The other three studies were done at the University of Iceland. All of the studies concluded that belief in the psychic and religious beliefs have common facts to some extent. 9) This positive correlation may be due to the fact that the respondents read often. Belief in one item may lead to a belief in the other. As a result of this research, I feel it is clear that psychics can absolutely be proven to be fakes. They cannot, however, be proven to be real. Their profession relies solely on belief, most of which is from vulnerable, gullible people. Psychics use their props, tricks, and performances to pull in peo ple and turn them into believers. Depending on the type of hoax they use to attract a clientele, they can make an entire living off of other people’s gullibility. I feel it is wrong to be able to do this, but am happy there are people such as Henry Gordon who continue to work on proving them wrong. There are still some questions left unanswered, like how Claudia Fonda, knew all of the answers to everybody’s questions. The fact of the matter is that there will always be questions left unanswered, because there is no science developed to prove or disprove a psychic’s abilities. Gullible people will continue to be fed on by psychics. Only a look into the crystal ball will tell when the hoaxes will all come to an end. Gordon 10 Christopher, Milbourne. ESP, Seers Psychics. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1970. Print. DeAna. Interview. Jacob. Parapsychology articles and blog. 3 May. 2007. Web. Gordon, Henry. Extra Sensory Deception. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1987. Print. Haraldsson, Erlendur. â€Å"Representative national surveys of psychic phenomena: Iceland, great Britain, Sweden, USA, and Gallup’s multinational survey. † Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 53(1985) pg. 1-14. Web. Haraldsson, Erlendur. â€Å"Some Determinants of Belief in Psychical Phenomena. † The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 75(1981): pg 1-10. Web. How to cite The Turtle Jean Lafitte: Adventures of a Pet Psychic, Papers

Relationship Between Chromium & Chromium Compounds

Question: Describe about relationship between Chromium and Its Compounds and the Potential Harms? Answer: Introduction Workplace related accidents are major cause of chronic illness and deaths in Singapore. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a total of 5702 work related injuries have been reported and the annual rate of death is around 4 deaths per 100000 workers (as calculated in 2005). The major workplace incidents result in morbidity, mortality and even rise in the socio economic cost of Singapore1. All the multinational corporations are introducing newer hazardous technologies that can have negative impact on the occupational health of the workers and the employees. Much research and experiments have already been conducted that provide significant evidence that this feature of global commerce poses a serious threat to the health, safety and even the natural resources. This also endangers the workers who are involved in the organization. The nations that are less developed are at higher risk of exploitation of the human resources because they lack the expertise, safe guards, and the public pressures that can help in the prevention of the harms that are caused to the workers (in developed nations). There are many approaches and interventions that are taken by the industrial as well as the international organizations to address the workplace hazards, with the help of soft law, or hard law, codes of conduct and the self regulation that is voluntarily done2. One of the occupations is leather tanning that is basically chemical preservation of raw hide and it involves the process in which various chemicals bind to the proteins. The workers are at the potential risk of exposure to many hazardous chemicals, most importantly chromium salts and therefore, are under threat of chromium toxicity. Presence of chromium and its compounds in the working environment leads to changes in the cytogenetics of individuals who are exposed to this chemical and may eventually cause abnormality in the ventilator functions i.e obstructive airways. A research study was carr ied out on the heparinized venous blood leukocytes. The results revealed that forced expiratory volume and the forced vital capacity for one second, were reduced significantly in the workers that have been exposed. Also the chromosomal aberrations were higher in the exposed workers. The sister chromatid exchange was also found to be higher in exposed workers3.Chromium and its compounds have proved to be very harmful for the health of the occupational workers. Chromium is an irritant the can cause perforation in the nasal septum, dermatitis, respiratory problems, hepatic and impairments of renal and gastrointestinal problems as well. Direct contact with chromium can stimulate its binding with the proteins of the skin and produce complex antigens that can cause hypersensitivity and even in some cases, dermatitis. Chromium and its compounds can enter the body in hexavalent form and can cross the cell wall and then convert into a more disastrous form that can initiate a series of chroni c health disorders and conditions that may prove fatal for the survival of the workers3. Relationship between chromium and its compounds and the potential harms Chromium is monetarily essential in metallurgy, electroplating, and in different synthetic applications for example, colors, biocides and solid oxidizing operators. Unfavorable wellbeing impacts have long been known and incorporate skin ulceration, punctured nasal septum, nasal dying, and conjunctivitis. Reports of bronchogenic carcinoma showed up preceding World War II in Germany and were thusly affirmed in numerous studies.1 The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) pronounced in 1980 that chromium and sure of its mixes are cancer-causing and, in 1987, presumed that hexavalent chromium is a human cancer-causing agent yet that trivalent chromium was not yet classifiable. Late studies overhauling chromium laborer companions in Ohio2,3 and Maryland1 exhibited an overabundance lung disease hazard from introduction to hexavalent chromium. The use of chemicals has become extensive in the industrial regions. Most of the important products are derived from harmful chemicals. S ome of these products are fertilizers, fibre glass, pesticides, paints and even plastics. However, the lack of caution in the use of these chemicals has resulted in fatal occupational health outcomes. Some of the chemicals are so dangerous that they need to be properly stored in containers that are covered properly, for exposure into the air would lead to chemical conversion of the compounds and they might convert in more stable and more toxic compounds. Chemicals may be toxic, inflammable, reactive, radioactive or explosive. It is important to assess the hazardous potential of any chemical before putting it into use. For analyzing this it is important to identify the properties like inflammable nature, toxicity, radioactivity and reactivity of the chemical compound4. Chromium and its compounds fall in the category of incompatible chemicals, the chemicals that have the capacity to react with each other instantly and violently and their reaction leads to liberation of large amounts o f heat or may, in some cases, produce flammable or toxic products. Chromium trioxide and chromic acid are the chemicals that have acetic acid, camphor, turpentine, glycerol, naphthalene and other flammable liquids as their incompatible chemical counterparts4. Chromium and its compounds also fall in the category of sensitizers i. e they are capable of causing or stimulating or inducing an allergic reaction. The intensity and the effects of the chemical however depend upon the susceptibility of the receiver or the individual who is exposed to the compounds of Chromium4. The most promininet profession where the workers are at the maximum risk of counterfacing chromium toxicity, is chromium plating or manufacture of the dyes and the pigments. Even in the processes of electroplating and during the production and welding of stainless steel parts, chromium hexavalent) is utilized. Exposure to chromium is generally linked to fatal disorders of the lungs, and adverse effects to the nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses5. Hromium is found to occur in mainly four different oxidation states: 0 (carbonyls, alloys and metal of chromium), II (the chromous compounds), III ( ores of chromite and compounds of chromic) and VI ( chromic acid, dichromates, chromates and chromium trioxides). The toxicity of the compounds of chromium depends upon the valence states of these compounds. And the valence states depend upon the administration of the solubility of these compounds. The toxicity exhibited by chromium is maily due to its hexavalent state and the potential to get reduced into trivalent state. The available literature deals with the pathomorphological changes in the organs of the animals when exposed to chromium toxicity. The effects of chromium are carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and embryotoxic effects. The experimental studies conducted on guinea pigs suggests that when high doses of chromium was administered to them, it resulted in renal injury and production of casts and albumin in the urine. There was also significant evidence that supported renala tubular damage in these animals and this was supported by the evidence of alterations in the activity and the functioning of different enzymes, glucosuria and proteinuria. Also, there was evidence of hypertrophy and hyperplasia6. In one of thestudy conducted on the effect of hazardous chromium on the Tannin industry workers, it was found that the tannin worker have the potential to be exposed to variety of toxic chemicals like chromium salts, organic solvents like formaldehyde, benze and benzidine based azo dyes. Those workers were mainly exposed to chromium salts like potassium dichromate ( used specifically in the section of the leather tanning. Chromium, being an irritant, can affect the nasal septum leading to problems in the respiration, causing dermatitis, or gastrointestinal infection and other chronic conditions. In its hexavalent form, chromium enters the cells and is immediately reduced to its trivalent form. Although chromium (III) is considered as a dietary mineral in low doses, Cr VI is carcinogenic. The hexavalent of chromium is corrosive in nature and carcinogenic and cytotoxic. Workers who are exposed to chromium are more prone to develop lung and nasal cancer. The free radicals can lead to oxidative change in the protein and may also cause mutations in the DNA or even damage the chromosomes7,8. Most of the publications have reported obstructive effects of chromium. There is some evidence about the after effects of soluble chromium also. It lead s to initiation of symptoms like chest pain, cough, dyspnea and even development of asthma9. According to a Risk assessment report that was published in 2005, five different chromium compounds and their effects on the health outcomes of humans was evaluated: sodium chromate, chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate, ammonium dichromate and sodium dichromate. The report was published in UK and the RAR identified the concerns and the fears of the workers who worked in the industries and the organizations that had high rates of chromium exposure. The Human health RRS was concluded and finished in 2007 and the commission had recommended the setting and establishment of EU wide occupational exposure limits. The report predicted the fatal outcomes in the health and the human concerns were mainly about the respiratory tract irritation, irritation of the skin and eyes, skin sensitization, occupational asthma, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity (developmental and fertility toxicity) and acute toxicity which was majorly due to the short term peak inhalation of the chromium in the air14. Receptive oxygen species (ROS) are an unenviable piece of vigorous life. Their unfaltering state focus is a harmony in the middle of generation and end giving certain enduring state ROS level. The element harmony can be irritated prompting improved ROS level and harm to cell constituents which is called "oxidative anxiety"10. This survey depicts the general methodologies in charge of ROS era in sea-going creatures and discriminatingly investigations utilized markers for ID of oxidative anxiety. Changes in temperature, oxygen levels and saltiness can result in the anxiety in common and simulated conditions by means of actuation of disbalance between ROS generation and disposal. Human borne contaminations can likewise upgrade ROS level in hydrobionts. The part of move metal particles, for example, copper, chromium, mercury and arsenic, and pesticides, specifically bug sprays, herbicides, and fungicides alongside oil items in incitement of oxidative anxiety is highlighted. A years ago t he exploration in science of free radicals was refocused from just graphic attempts to atomic components with specific enthusiasm to ones improving resilience 11. Oel and threshold limit for exposure to chromium Research has found that the workers might be exposed to chromium VI, which can be present in the air due to its manufacture from other forms of chromium like the production of chromates from the chromium ore. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), chromium VI compounds are potential carcinogens, which are associated with nasal, lung or sinus cancer. The criteria document released by NIOSH has reviewed the critical health effect studies of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds. NIOSH has conducted a quantitative risk assessment of the effect of chromium and the most acceptable threshold levels of its exposure. According to Park et al. (2004), NIOSH recommends the threshold limit for the usage of chromium VI , not beyond 0.2 g Cr (VI)/m3 for an 8 hour TWA exposure, during a 40 hour work week 12. The Recommended Exposure Limit is supposed to reduce the increased risk to lung cancer that is associated with occupational exposure to Chromium (VI) and its compounds. It is also expected to reduce the exposures that are air borne, in the workplaces and thereby ensure a significant reduction in the malignant respiratory effects including the perforated, irritated and ulcerated nasal septa. But since there are still certain levels of residual risks for lung cancer, NIOSH has recommended that continuous effort be made to reduce the exposures to CR (VI) and its compounds below the Recommended exposure limit (REL). The inclusion of Cr (VI) compounds in the category of potential carcinogens has been supported by scientific evidence. These compounds have shown to possess carcinogenic potential in invitro animals or humans 13. The Immediate dangerous to life or health (IDLH) is a measure of how much threat the exposure has. It is a condition that possesses a threat of exposure to the air borne contaminants when the exposure has the capacity to lead to death or delayed long term complications in the health of the worker who has been exposed 13. The motivation behind building an IDLH worth is (1) to guarantee that the laborer can escape from a given defiled environment in the occasion of disappointment of the respiratory insurance gear and (2) is viewed as a greatest level above which just a very solid breathing device giving most extreme specialist security is allowed The IDLH for chromic acid and the chromates is around 15 g Cr (VI)/m3 13. In this manner, the tannery laborers are under high hazard and in a stage in which expulsion from further introduction to Cr is compulsory before cancer-causing nature get to be settled. The laborers ought to be made mindful of the wellbeing risks because of Cr15. Procurement of staff defensive supplies, consistent word related biomonitoring of air levels of Cr and gasses, at the working environment and the close-by surroundings that can be utilized as an apparatus to lessen the introduction danger to Cr and different contaminations in the tannery laborers, especially those with SCE. On the other hand, further studies are additionally required to elucidatethe unsafe impacts of trivalent Cr in a more extensive populace of tanning laborers3. Conclusion Reading between the lines and considering the available evidence on the use and rate of exposure to chromium and its compounds, in various industries that employs millions of workers, it is clear that chromium is palatable to a certain limit only and beyond that the dose of chromium or its exposure becomes hazardous leading to chronic nasal problems and cancers of lung and skin18. The mutagenic, carcinogenic and cytotoxic nature of chromium makes it a hazardous chemical and the threshold limits prescribed and recommended by the NIOSH should be implemented in every organization, farm, agricultural field and industry that indulges in manufacturing processes that involve exposure of the workers to chromium filled environment or in areas where chromium is produced as a byproduct of any metallurgical process like electroplating or manufacturing of pigments and dyes 16. Considering the adverse effects of chromium Cr (VI), a criteria document for hexavalent chromium has been developed to se t an occupational exposure limit for Cr (VI) in the European Union (EU). The OEL is a health based document that contains sections on the identification of the chemical substance, its physical and the chemical properties, use and production data, recent information of the occupational exposure rates and the stats and figures for the same, the current available methods for assessment and analysis and the toxicology. The last section generally describes the criteria evaluation of data on both the humans as well as on the animals. It is important for every organization to follow the REL for exposure of their employees to Cr(VI) compounds and prevent the prevailing risk of health problems that can serve as the long term complications17. References 1. Ng, Z., Teo, L., Go, K., Yeo, Y. Chiu, M. Major workplace related accidents in Singapore: A major trauma centres experience. Epidemeology of workplace related accidents in Singapore [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2015 Mar 07]; 39:920-926.2. Baram, M. Globalization and workplace hazards in developing nations. Safety science [internet]. 2009 [cited 2015 Mar 07]; 47(6): 756-766. Available on: Elsevier.3. Hussein, A. Sharaf, N., Shakour, A., Hammad, S ElGelil, K. Ventilatory problems and cytogenetic changes in workers occupationally exposed to chromium. Academic Journal of Cancer Research [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 Mar 07]; 6(2): 50-57.4. Ministry of manpower. Guidelines on prevention and control of chemical hazards [internet]. 2009 [cited 2015 March 07]. Available from: https://www.mom.gov.sg/Documents/safety-health/factsheets-circulars/Prevention%20and%20Control%20of%20Chemical%20Hazards.pdf.5. Workplace Safety and Health Counsil. Workplace safety and health guidelines [Internet]. 2011 . [cited 2015 March 07]. Available from: https://www.wshc.sg/files/wshc/upload/cms/file/2014/WSH_Guidelines_Occupational_Diseases(1).pdf.6. Tandon, S. Organ toxicity of chromium in animals. Biological and environmental aspects of chromium [Internet]. 1982. [cited 2015 March 07]. Available from: Elsevier.7. Ambreen, K, khan, F, Hadauria, S Kumar, S. Genotoxicity and oxidative stress in chromium exposed tannery workers in north India. Toxicology and Health [internet]. 2012 [cited 2015 march 07]. 8. Hassanein, H.M., R.A. Abbas, H.A. Abo-Zeina, S.A. Hammad, A. El-Hawary and A. Saad. Carcinogenicity of chromium among steel workers: A comparative cross sectional study central. European Journal of occupational and Environmental Medicine [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 March 07]; 14(2): 137-148.9. Cruz, M.J., R. Costa, E. Marquilles, F. Morell and X. Muoz. Occupational Asthma caused by Chromium and Nickel. Arch. Bronconeumol. [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2015 March 07]; 42(6): 302-6.10. Langard, S . Biological and environmental aspects of chromium. Medical [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 March 07]. Available from: Elsevier.11. Lushchak, V. Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. Aquatic Toxicology [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 March 07]; 101(1): 13-30.12. Park et al. An alternate characterization of hazard in occupational epidemiology: years of life lost per years worked. Am J Ind Med [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2015 March 07]; 42: 1-10.13. NIOSH. Criteria for a Recommended Standard Occupational Exposureto Hexavalent Chromium [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 march 07].Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-128/.14. Thiele, K. SEA case study: Human Health The impact of chromium (VI) on occupational disease burden [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2015 March 07]. Available from : https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13580/thiele_hia_chromiumvi_en.pdf.15. Kotaoe, J. and Stasicka, Z. Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation. Environmental pollution [Internet]. 2000. [cited 2015 March 07]; 107(3): 263-283.16. Baruthio F. toxic effects of chromium and its compounds. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2015 March 07]; 32: 145-153.17. Cross, H., Faux, S and Levy, L. Establishing an occupational exposure limit for hexavalent chromium in the European union. Requl Toxicol. Pharmacol. [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2015 March 07]; 26(iPt 2): S72-6.18. United States Department of Labor. Exposure and controls [internet]. 2010 [cited 2015 March 07]. Available from: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hexavalentchromium/exposure.html.