Just Plain Data Analysis Measuring Racial And Ethnic...

Just Plain Data Analysis: Measuring Racial and Ethnic Inequality Measuring racial and ethnic equality is not a simple or straightforward task. As Gary M. Klass points out in the â€Å"Measuring Racial and Ethnic Inequality† chapter of his book Just Plain Data Analysis:Finding, Presenting, and Interpreting Social Science Data, â€Å"Numbers never speak for themselves.† Klass’s purpose for this chapter is to demonstrate the range of data that is derived from social indicators that can be used to analyze racial and ethnic disparities in different spheres such as income and wealth, health, education, and criminal justice. After summarizing the chapter, Klass’s methodology and findings can be discussed and evaluated. Klass introduces the chapter by telling a brief anecdote about Bill Cosby and how he responded to criticism he received regarding a speech he gave to commemorate the Brown v. Board of Education case. In his speech, Cosby made a lot of claims about issues such as African Americans dropping out of school in such high percentages and the incarceration rates of blacks being a result of a lack of parenting or inadequate parenting. Cosby’s claim was that â€Å"numbers speak for themselves† on issues such as teen pregnancies among blacks and the issues mentioned above, but Klass explains that numbers alone never tell the full story. While the statistics Cosby used may have indicated things such as high rates of dropping out of school and of teen pregnancies among blacks, theShow MoreRelatedOpenness in Personality10561 Words   |  43 PagesAnother characteristic of the open cognitive style is a facility for thinking in symbols and abstractions far removed from concrete ex perience. People with low scores on openness tend to have more conventional, traditional interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. They may regard the arts and sciences with suspicion or even view these endeavors as uninteresting. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty; they are conservative and resistantRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagestheir products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesHRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal Employment Opportunity 56 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 PART 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PART 4 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Socializing, Orienting, and Developing Employees 182 Managing Careers 208 PART 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MAINTAINING

Intellectual Property Rights And The Online Gaming Business

ECONOMY Intellectual Property Rights and the Online Gaming Business in China May 25, 2015 The New York Times Economic Scene Editor Anna Wu Abstract Online gaming as one of the largest and fastest growing Internet business in the world, are developing in the peak period in China (Kshetri, N. 2009). According to China Gaming Market 2014-2018 Forecast and Analysis (IDC) China, In 2013, RMB83.17 billion in revenues were generated by China s gaming market, including online PC games, single player PC games, and mobile games. It claims that an annual growth rate of 23.5% in this period of the revenue of China s gaming market can be expected. However, the intellectual property rights especially the copyright presents online gaming business a†¦show more content†¦According to the speech by Thomas Yih (2010), the assistant president and general counsel, Shanda Games Limited, the developing scale of online gaming in China could be described by numbers, including the number of the broadband users exceeded the entire population of America and the complex annual growth rate of China s internet users was 36 percent from 2005 to 2009. By the end of this period, the number of online game players in China reached 296 million, occupying more than two thirds of the total internet user in the nation. Not only Shanda Games Limited noticed the big opportunity, but also many commercial subjects has been attracted by its predictable business outlook. Therefore, severe conflicts related to copyright infringement between different companies during the competition convey the significance of protecting copyright in China. Legend of Mir II is a massive multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) which originally produced by Actoz Soft Co. Ltd. in Korea was published by Shanda Games Limited and was commercially launched in November, 2001. The number of the occurrent players for Legend of Mir II exceeded six million in October of 2002, became the most welcomed online game in 2002 and 2003 in China (Jiang, 2008). This MMORPG as an honor leader of Shanda Interactive Entertainment Ltd, generates stunning monthly profits accounting for RMB1.4 billion yuan. However, since the end of year 2011 Shanda Games Limited found a

Grid Computing Environments Workshop †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Grid Computing Environments Workshop. Answer: Introduction: A wiki or Wikipedia is a page which invites all kind of users but not only the experts to help in editing any page or also further create new kinds of pages within the parameter of the website. The page uses a normal and standard web browser called as plain vanilla without any additional costs or any add-ons. The page wiki also promotes a lot of important as well as meaningful discussions on important topics on different kind of pages by linking it with the creation an easier platform and also exhibiting whether an intentional target based page that can exist or not (Youseff et al., 2008). It is also important to understand that it is not carefully designed website created properly by the experts and many kinds of writers writing professionally. The page is designed for the masses, and it further looks to get more involved in any typical case of the visitor in the present process of creating as well as collaborating that continuously modified the landscape of the website. A wiki page makes sure that the communities or the team of contributors and editors to write about the document in a collaborative manner. People need to be parts of a computer or rather have internet access or a web browser and a basic clarity on simple language as part of the markup. A single or a normal page in the website is associated with wiki page while the whole collections of pages, which are normally properly, connected by some hyperlinks and is also referred as the wiki. A page on the wiki is most importantly can be called as a database for developing or creating, searching or browsing through a lot of data. The page also permits much non-liner; evolve as difficult and another kind of network texts. It also permits the arguments with the editors, the debate as well as interact related to the formatting and content. The main feature of the wiki-based technology is the matter of comfort with which, pages can be developed and later updated. Normally, nobody reviews it with the help of moderator before making changes and this way anyone can edit the text on the website. Many pages are also open to changes by the general public without a need of any registration of different kind of user accounts. Changes can be a mode in real-time and also look instantly on the page. But this characteristic also facilitates many kinds of harms to the system. Private services on this platform need authentication from the user to edit the pages and at the same time also need permit to read these pages. In-depth description of IT infrastructure Amazon is a US based company in electronic commerce, and it is a cloud computing based organization. The company was established on July 5, 1994. The founders of the company are Jeff Bezos, and headquarter is based in Washington. The company is considered as one of the largest Internet-based company in the world with total sales as well as market capitalization. The company also initiated bookstore online and also diversified in technologies like Blue-rays, DVDs, CD and video streaming and much more. At the same time, the company also manufactures different kinds of consumer based electronics notably associated with Fire tablets, Kindle, Fire TV as well as Echo (Dykstra and Sherman, 2012). The company is also known as the world largest provider of infrastructure associated with some cloud services. Also, the company also sells specific cheaper products to cater masses. The company knows well the way to get the attention of the mass market, and it also offers different services that useful as well as quite simple in usage. Many consumers are also familiar with the specific approach especially when it comes to ordering the products on the internet. However, the company has also applied to the similar kind of strategy to cloud services. The other day, the company further decided to update its front delivery network, and also, it consist of the new type of content that increases the characteristics. The company is also proving that it can change the market which is not associated with the physical world at the same time, in virtual space also (Dougherty et al., 2012). As the concept of cloud computing has come up with new angles associated with computing at different scales, the company has further believed in establishing market leadership in the form of dominance. After creating the public platform on a cloud-based market with the help of launching t he company's web services in the year 2006 and the retailers has further build AWS into a total of six billion dollar business in a year. Also, the infrastructure of the company has become more complex since the uptime has increased to become more than one million of consumers. This is why; there is an outage of the company that can create a lot of ripples all across the websites like Tinder, Netflix, and much more similar platforms. The company functions at least on more than thirty data centers in its international network with more than ten to fifteen on the drawing board. The company is not able to disclose the complete scope associated with infrastructure. However, the third party also estimates the US data center network at about or sometimes more than six hundred megawatts of capacity associated with IT (Dougherty et al., 2012). There are some leading analysts that look at the company as an important player in the public cloud. Secrecy in IT infrastructure of Amazon The company has always known for high level of secrecy related to different operations of data centers and also disclosing very less about the infrastructure than any other kind of hyper-scale leaders in computing like Facebook, Google as well as Microsoft. It has also started to modify in last many years as company's top executive become more open to the data center of the company and the related operations at many events for the community of developers. There are some requests from some consumers who are inquiring about the conversation about the complete physical layout of the data center of the company (Sultan, 2010). The company never spoke much about it but now planning to be more open about the concept of networking and data centers. The main objective of such kind of sessions assists the developers to be clearer about the philosophy of the company on matters like redundancy as well as uptime. The organization also organizes a proper infrastructure into eleven kind of regions and each consist of a cluster associated with the data centers (Sultan, 2010). Every region consists of many kinds of zones, and it also provides consumers with many kinds of alternatives to back up important IT related assets to ignore any down time. This kind of impact of outages whenever issues will experience shows that the characteristics will remain underused. Scales that drives the platform related investment In the recent time, the overall profit of the web service of Amazon was rising at an eighty-one percent yearly. This further can translate directly into the same rate of infrastructure development however one thing is definite. The company is adding a different kind of server to support all the international based infrastructure of the company especially when it comes to seven billion dollars on a yearly basis. The infrastructure is a reinvention in the current time which will help the company to gain more progress (Klems et al., 2008). The scalability is huge, and the complete volume permits the company to reinvest in depth into various platforms and also further to innovate through the system. The company's data center overall strategy is relentless aims on the reduction of cost and the top management also noticed that the company had decreased the prices at least forty-nine-time since the launch of web service by the year 2006. The company is also involved in lots of innovation re lated to infrastructure in the data centers to drive the cost further down. The company sees it as the high volume along with low margin organization, and the company is happy to keep the whole margin thing where it was. An important decision is based on functions like planning as well as cloud-based capacity is how big a data center can be built. The company has a huge scale that provides advantages related to cost as well as operations. The top management also claims that the data centers of the company between eighty thousand servers with the whole power based capacity exist up till thirty megawatts (Sulistio et al., 2009). As per company's opinion, the right number is associated with it, and the company also chooses to manufacture the number for a very long time. The company also the capacity to build bigger and the important thing is that the early stage advantages of scale are big. However, there is also a point where these type of advantaged must go down. There are big data centers is only little less costly per rack than any medium size center for data. As the size of the data center is getting bigger, the company further shows that the amount of risk as an element of the company related network. It is sometimes undesirable to have the data centers that are huge than that because to what the company can call the blast associated radius. However, it is also important to understand that a data center is still a unit based on failure and the bigger the company will build the data center will get larger than the influence of the failure (Sulistio et al., 2009). So the important question here is that how many servers does the company web services will function. The overall description provided by the company shows that the overall number is at least above 1.5 million. In-depth discussion of issues related to managing IT infrastructure. There can be any name given like web-scale infrastructure or industrial related infrastructure or anything else; one thing is clear that the Amazon providers have put down a market on how any corporate infrastructure can group together and can function on highly automated function at a huge scale. The ambition is frequently shown on the list of priorities that the IT-based infrastructure leaders can discuss for many current years. It is important to understand here that this takes away the focus from various infrastructure teams as well as IT writ which has the most alternatives to give right kind of value for the company (Amazon, 2015). There are also so many reasons why the company like Amazon should not sum up the vision of infrastructure. It is hard than the present technology vendor can promise: in many companies in today's time, it is important to see identical aim on the overall automation as well as the private cloud. Also, there are factors like impactful usage of public based cloud and return to ITIL discipline and the growth of full stack kind of talent. Some modeling in the initial time shows hat across a three-year time horizon; the infrastructure based company could be related to cloud, automation as well as service based management to get the right amount of efficiencies. However, at the same time, there is some the company which has underestimated the amount of time as well as efforts which are going to take some time to understand those kinds of savings (Schenk et al., 2009). Here it is important to take the average IT-based service management and its execution where many companies further invest in different kind of upgrades, however, the execution based timelines are taking a lot of time on an average a nd execution usually backed by savings. Also when inquired about the present savings from the privately owned cloud, there are a huge amount of changes or variances all across the member companies. At the same time, the majority of people have not yet been able to accomplish anything more than ten percent which is about saving and to a conventional related hosting culture. Here it is also important to understand that these savings are not worth pursuing. However, the manager must be well aware of the time when saving is likely to take more time than it is being promised. It is also important to demand infrastructure based services which modify at a faster rate. The supply related vision for infrastructure must be enough if in case the demand for infrastructure-related service was a better option. However, it's not (Sotomayor et al., 2009). The multiple impacts of more amount of demand along with different kinds of demand and rapid change in total demand like Agile project that completely smashes into current infrastructure can be felt in present time. It is important then not to enhance over the coming years of two to three years of time (Schenk et al., 2009). the concept of modeling that has been done and also accounts for technology, as well as labor-related costs, has been estimated that the overall cost of demand growth is over the coming three years can be equal to thirty to forty percent of the present budget for infrastructure. The overall outcome is even if all the company based efficiencies are captured and even if it can be captured quickly , infrastructure based companies are going to require substantial more amount of budget in coming time than it is present today because of the rise in demand (del Carmen Vera-Diaz et al., 2009). It is also not very easy to out utility the real utility based providers. In the end, the main question is that the premise of basing the present infrastructure as a pure kind of provider in utility. When in infrastructure the only type of role is based on utility, then the overall scales gains from advantages and this will clearly run or function through right kind of utilities namely based on providers of public cloud-based services. The overall infrastructure must spend more time as well as efforts in pursuing the overall utility goals only to miss on right question associated with scale and further miss on the question which means to deliver the overall value (Sotomayor et al., 2009). At the same time, the data starts to bear this out and the current infrastructure based service sustainability benchmarks. It is important to find the team aiming on position infrastructure as the main utility which is worse when it come the ability to improve as well as sustain the service related responsiveness (del Carmen Vera-Diaz et al., 2009). What are some of the key pieces of infrastructure for Amazon? Route 53: the concept is very popular as well as scalable and at the same time also features the important domain-based services which are called as DNS web based service. It is important to understand that DNS-based service can translate a domain based on setfive.com (Sultan, 2011). It is transformed into an IP address which permits the computer of any client to be able to find the right kind of server for a present domain name. In addition to this, the concept also has many features which are normally present in many pricey companies DNS outcomes (Sotomayor et al., 2009). Simple kind of email services: also known as SES is a hosted kind of transactional service in the email. It permits the company to easily send high level of deliverable emails with the help of restful API known as the call or through routine SMTP without functioning on very own infrastructure. This concept can be compared to different services like Send Grid in that it provides a proper deliverable email related services. At the same time, it is also missing some characteristics that can be found on the application (Namjoshi and Gupte, 2009). Recognize and access the management: this system is also based on increased level of security as well as identity management for the AWS accounts, and also, also, it permits the company also to enable so many other factors related to authenticity to increase the overall security of the AWS account. It is obvious; there will be one person who will access the AWS account by using different systems like IAM which will further permit everyone to access the distinct account with right kind of permission (Perz et al., 2013). How does your case organizations management of the infrastructure reflect the theory? Amazon has been able to build multiple numbers of data centers units which include, Digital based Reality trust as well as corporate office properties trust. From past many years, the company has been typically leased in the present base for properties like warehouses as well as renovated as per the data center usage. In the recent time, the company has also started aiming at the new level construction that gives a Greenfield that can further be altered to support all the components of the design (Irani and Silberman, 2013). In the initial time of cloud-based platform, the company brought the servers from so many leading vendors as well as one of the important providers was associated with Rackable Systems which were an initial player in the innovative base for cloud based scale servers as well as designs. When the level of the operation started growing, the company followed the footstep of Google and started developing custom based hardware for its present data centers. This further permit the company to be able to fine-tune the present system, storage as well as gear related to networking. There are so many factors which are the reason to enhance the level of complexity of present business IT based culture in current time; this is the quick adoption of cloud computing, as well as big data and devices related to mobile proliferation, are also some of them. Other important trends are helping in making it hard for the company to impact fully manages and also make sure that the IT-based service level and success in businesses. New demand also consists of control on the mobile device which maintains visibility into so many virtualized resources as well as services (Varia and Mathew, 2014). Impactful IT-based service management also becomes more difficult when services are important on the dynamic level and also shared with different resources and when some resources enhance are based on the premise as well as some are based on the public cloud. Following are some of the suggested methods to reduce the impact: - Factors driving the modification: the concept of cloud computing, mobility as well as big data adopts companies all kind of sizes. At the same time, they also deliver the advantages of reliable and consistently come across a distributed company which often needs a difficult combination of infrastructure as well as support based technologies (Hill and Humphrey, 2009). Mobility: the workforce in the current time requires being able to function remotely from anywhere in the world. Sometimes, the company can use many provided devices and there sometimes they still prefer the usage of their own devices commonly called as Bring Your Device also called as BYOD (Hill and Humphrey, 2009). Conclusion The overall management impact is that there are new kinds of capacities that require being managed along with legacy based infrastructure and various other applications which can be integrated. The concept of integration is crucial since there are new as well as legacy based resources at one place together to provide services to the organization. Overall understanding of the relationship, security, and overall performance is important for meeting the commitment of business service (Moreno-Vozmediano et al., 2011). In fact, the management of IT can become big issues in data problems. The scale of data created here from IT management system is based on the collection of constantly device management data, logs and much more is very important. Reference Amazon, E.C., 2015. Amazon web services.Available in: https://aws. amazon. com/es/ec2/(November 2012). del Carmen Vera-Diaz, M., Kaufmann, R.K. and Nepstad, D.C., 2009.09-05" The Environmental Impacts of Soybean Expansion and Infrastructure Development in Brazils Amazon Basin"(No. 09-05). GDAE, Tufts University. Dougherty, B., White, J. and Schmidt, D.C., 2012. Model-driven auto-scaling of green cloud computing infrastructure.Future Generation Computer Systems,28(2), pp.371-378. Dykstra, J. and Sherman, A.T., 2012. Acquiring forensic evidence from infrastructure-as-a-service cloud computing: Exploring and evaluating tools, trust, and techniques.Digital Investigation,9, pp.S90-S98. Hill, Z. and Humphrey, M., 2009, October. A quantitative analysis of high performance computing with Amazon's EC2 infrastructure: The death of the local cluster?. InGrid Computing, 2009 10th IEEE/ACM International Conference on(pp. 26-33). IEEE. Irani, L.C. and Silberman, M., 2013, April. Turkopticon: Interrupting worker invisibility in amazon mechanical turk. InProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 611-620). ACM. Klems, M., Nimis, J. and Tai, S., 2008, December. Do clouds compute? a framework for estimating the value of cloud computing. InWorkshop on E-Business(pp. 110-123). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Moreno-Vozmediano, R., Montero, R.S. and Llorente, I.M., 2011. Multicloud deployment of computing clusters for loosely coupled mtc applications.IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,22(6), pp.924-930. Namjoshi, J. and Gupte, A., 2009, September. Service oriented architecture for cloud based travel reservation software as a service. InCloud Computing, 2009. CLOUD'09. IEEE International Conference on(pp. 147-150). IEEE. Perz, S.G., Qiu, Y., Xia, Y., Southworth, J., Sun, J., Marsik, M., Rocha, K., Passos, V., Rojas, D., Alarcn, G. and Barnes, G., 2013. Trans-boundary infrastructure and land cover change: Highway paving and community-level deforestation in a tri-national frontier in the Amazon.Land Use Policy,34, pp.27-41. Reese, G., 2009.Cloud application architectures: building applications and infrastructure in the cloud. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.". Schenk, S., Saathoff, C., Staab, S. and Scherp, A., 2009. SemaPlorerinteractive semantic exploration of data and media based on a federated cloud infrastructure.Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web,7(4), pp.298-304. Siebeck, R., Janner, T., Schroth, C., Hoyer, V., Wrndl, W. and Urmetzer, F., 2009. Cloud-based enterprise mashup integration services for B2B scenarios. Sotomayor, B., Montero, R.S., Llorente, I.M. and Foster, I., 2009. Virtual infrastructure management in private and hybrid clouds.IEEE Internet computing,13(5). Sulistio, A., Reich, C. and Doelitzscher, F., 2009, December. Cloud infrastructure applicationsCloudIA. InIEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing(pp. 583-588). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Sultan, N., 2010. Cloud computing for education: A new dawn?.International Journal of Information Management,30(2), pp.109-116. Sultan, N.A., 2011. Reaching for the cloud: How SMEs can manage.International journal of information management,31(3), pp.272-278. Varia, J. and Mathew, S., 2014. Overview of amazon web services.Amazon Web Services. Varia, J., 2008. Cloud architectures.White Paper of Amazon, jineshvaria. s3. amazonaws. com/public/cloudarchitectures-varia. pdf,16. Youseff, L., Butrico, M. and Da Silva, D., 2008, November. Toward a unified ontology of cloud computing. InGrid Computing Environments Workshop, 2008. GCE'08(pp. 1-10). IEEE.

William Finn Essay Example For Students

William Finn Essay William Finn has drunk his tea, removed his socks and stretched out on his couch to answer calmly all manner of questions about his life and career. Based on past articles about him, the clenched, frazzled speeches he gave in accepting two Tony awards for his musical Falsettos, and mostly on the variety of neuroses hes attributed to the characters in his musicals, one expects a discussion with Finn to reveal a generous measure of angst. True, he launches the conversation by mentioning his therapy, and his leaps of logic sometimes take a moment to follow, but in general a meeting with Finn belies whatever image hes developed as the leading neurotic of the American musical theatre. We will write a custom essay on William Finn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The composer/playwright is now enjoying the success, on Broadway and elsewhere, of Falsettos, for which he wrote the music, lyrics and (with James Lapine) book. The critically praised Broadway production, directed by Lapine, unites March of the Falsettos and Falsettoland, Finns two inventive one-acts that debuted nine years apart at New Yorks Playwrights Horizons and were first paired in a 1991 Hartford Stage Company production. The conflated Falsettos opens March 13 at San Diegos Old Globe Theatre and will tour the country starting next month. A different kind of family   Marvin, the character at the center of Falsettos, is a distinctive and complex figure. At the outset, he has left his wife to begin a relationship with a man, Whizzer, and is struggling to unite those who surround himhis son, lover, wife and friendsinto a tight-knit family. Marvin starts out as a man wrapped up in the problems of his own little world but grows and deepens as he is confronted with difficult realities. In fact, theres more to the Marvin phenomenon than Falsettos revealsit was an earlier musical, a dense, weird inspired piece called In Trousers, that introduced both Marvin and Finn to New York audiences in 1978. Though Finns infatuation with theatre had begun long before, during his childhood years in Natick, Mass., a suburb of Boston, he did not complete his first musical until college. I didnt think the sort of music I was writing or was interested in was theatre music, Finn remembers. I was writing sort of folky, rocky music. That was the sort that interested meJoni Mitchell, Laura Nyro, eventually Randy Newman. On the heels of such early efforts at Williams College as Sizzle (a musical account of the Rosenbergs, Ethel and Julius) and Scrambled Eggs, set in a whorehouse, Finn was commissioned to write a musical at the University of Rhode Island. He called it Scrambled Eggs II, and it was a disaster. As I was writing it, it seemed very charming, he says. Im sure it was dark and miserable, as I was in those days. After a year of studying music at the University of California at Berkeley, Finn moved to New York in 1976. Working with singers Alison Fraser, Mary Testa and Kay Pesak and writer Adam LeFevre, Finn developed Jocks, a musical about some athletes in Ohio. The collaborators staged the show in Finns apartment. Jocks was the first show we put on, Finn recalls. Wed get 150 people into this tiny little apartment. People would be sitting everywhere, and it always turned out to be the hottest day of the year. Id pass out Handiwipes so people could wipe themselves and cool off. It was a lot of fun. Andre Bishop, who was at the time literary manager of Playwrights Horizons, was one of the people who squeezed into Finns home to hear Jocks. Ira Weitzman, the director of Playwrights newly developed musical theatre program, represented the theatre at the composers next apartment musical, In Trousers. .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 , .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 .postImageUrl , .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 , .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09:hover , .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09:visited , .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09:active { border:0!important; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09:active , .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09 .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c3ee99e12affceeff65daa12669ae09:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Defining the Essence of a Scene EssayI just remember flipping out. I remember the hair standing up on the back of my neck, Weitzman says today. There was something so entertaining and yet sophisticated and adult and interesting and neurotic and gutsy about it. I just went right up to Bill Finn at the end and said, Please come work at Playwrights Horizons.' I knew I had struck some pay dirt, Finn remembers. Still, the apartment version of In Trousers seems to have created some confusion. At least one seasoned observer thought the show was about an autistic child. Yeah, because of the opening number Weitzman explains. You hear the lyrics, Marvin is a boy who has giddy seizures. What are you supposed to think? Billy was writing in emotional code. He has his own sense of metaphor. You think its about an autistic kid, but it was about a kid whose prepubescent emotions were going wild. In Trousers was first presented at Playwrights as a late night cabaret with Finn himself directing and playing Marvin; Fraser, Testa and Joanne Green played the ladies in Marvins life. A full production debuted on Playwrights main stage in February 1979 with Chip Zien replacing Finn as Marvin. During the course of In Trousers, Marvin eats breakfast, has his first sexual experience with a man, has another sexual encounter (this time with his female teacher), gives a report on Christopher Columbus and takes a shower. The musical is almost entirely sung and was staged abstractly. Considering the other musicals running in New York at that time (Aint Misbehavin, On the Twentieth Century, Theyre Playing Our Song), In Trousers seems like a great leap forward in musical theatre subject matter and style. I thought I was breaking absolutely new ground, Finn now claims. I believed the way I was writing and what I was writing about was new to the theatre. But didnt he experience any hesitation writing about matters of such a private and sexual nature? Flat like a bad idea   When I wrote Whizzer Going Down the first theatre song about a blow job that I know ofI thought I might have been losing some of my audience. But I found it very liberating. You write those words very carefully. When I wrote, Hes on his knees   Im lying flat just like a bad idea, I thought it was one of the funniest things. Once you can write about blow jobs, you can write about anything. Weitzmans memory of Finn from the days of putting together In Trousers confirms that the songwriters personality was at one time much less calm than that of the relaxed composer on the couch. He was at once the Wild Man of Borneo and this amazing magnet that you were drawn to, Weitzman observes. If Finn has changed, so has his long-term hero. Its more than likely that the three Marvin musicals reflect the personal development of their creator during the 14 years since the character first emerged. In Trousers is all subtext, emotion, unleashed energy, and March of the Falsettos (which first teamed the composer with writer Lapine) continues to rely on stream of consciousness in character and action; but in the latter musical, Marvin first begins to see a world that exists beyond his own obsessions. Falsettoland is the most mature work of the three, equally bold and imaginative, but more subdued, relying on a core of solidly structured songs and a central character who has had to grow from a giddy 14-year-old to an adult whose life has been tempered by experience and loss.